Castigo físico: argumentos y justificaciones de padres y madres para su utilización / Physical punishment: arguments and justifications of parents and mothers for their use

El castigo físico en la crianza conlleva consecuencias negativas sobre el desarrollo infantil. Sin embargo, muchos adultos lo consideran un método adecuado. El presente estudio analiza los argumentos y justificaciones que esgrimen los adultos para su utilización. La muestra constó de 14 madres y 13 padres de niños(as) entre 0 a 3 años. El diseño investigativo tuvo un carácter exploratorio, utilizando un enfoque metodológico cualitativo a través del método de estudio de caso y la aplicación de la técnica el grupo focal. Mediante análisis de contenido se arribó a los siguientes resultados: los argumentos se relacionan con el carácter educativo y la eficacia del castigo físico, la repetición generacional de experiencias disciplinarias, la naturalización del castigo físico, razones de orden cultural y, por último, cansancio y estrés. Estos resultados constituyen un aporte a las políticas públicas en la prevención del castigo físico, particularmente en Uruguay.

Physical punishment during child rearing produces negative consequences for child development. Nonetheless, many adults consider it to be an adequate method. This study analyses the arguments and justifications employed by adults to justify their use. Participants were 14 mothers y 13 fathers of children aged 0 to 3 years. Using a qualitative, exploratory research design, we used a case study methodology to gather data through focus groups. The content analysis yielded the following result: the arguments associated with the educational character of corporal punishment and its presumed efficacy, transgenerational repetition of disciplinary experiences, the naturalization of physical punishment, cultural arguments and, finally, stress and exhaustion. These results contribute to public policies aiming to prevent physical punishment, particularly in Uruguay.

Tuberculosis pulmonar con presentación atípica en paciente inmunocompetente / Atypical Presentation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Patient

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Nodal and FGF coordinate ascidian neural tube morphogenesis.

Formation of the vertebrate neural tube represents one of the premier examples of morphogenesis in animal development. Here, we investigate this process in the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis Previous studies have implicated Nodal and FGF signals in the specification of lateral and ventral neural progenitors. We show that these signals also control the detailed cellular behaviors underlying morphogenesis of the neural tube. Live-imaging experiments show that FGF controls the intercalary movements of ventral neural progenitors, whereas Nodal is essential for the characteristic stacking behavior of lateral cells. Ectopic activation of FGF signaling is sufficient to induce intercalary behaviors in cells that have not received Nodal. In the absence of FGF and Nodal, neural progenitors exhibit a default behavior of sequential cell divisions, and fail to undergo the intercalary and stacking behaviors essential for normal morphogenesis. Thus, cell specification events occurring prior to completion of gastrulation coordinate the morphogenetic movements underlying the organization of the neural tube.

Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.

Neural crest arises at the neural plate border, expresses a core set of regulatory genes and produces a diverse array of cell types, including ectomesenchyme derivatives that elaborate the vertebrate head. The evolution of neural crest has been proposed to be a key event leading to the appearance of new cell types that fostered the transition from filter feeding to active predation in ancestral vertebrates. However, the origin of neural crest remains controversial, as homologous cell types have not been unambiguously identified in non-vertebrate chordates. Here we show that the tunicate Ciona intestinalis possesses a cephalic melanocyte lineage (a9.49) similar to neural crest that can be reprogrammed into migrating 'ectomesenchyme' by the targeted misexpression of Twist (also known as twist-like 2). Our results suggest that the neural crest melanocyte regulatory network pre-dated the divergence of tunicates and vertebrates. We propose that the co-option of mesenchyme determinants, such as Twist, into the neural plate ectoderm was crucial to the emergence of the vertebrate 'new head'.

Seroprevalence of Oestrus ovis (Diptera, Oestridae) infestation and associated risk factors in ovine livestock from southwestern Spain.

This survey was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of nasal infestation by sheep bot fly, Oestrus ovis L., and to identify the risk factors associated with the disease in flocks in southwestern Spain. In total, 5,878 sera samples of adult sheep were collected at random in 551 farms from four provinces in the southwestern Spain: Badajoz, Cáceres, Córdoba, and Sevilla. Sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for O. ovis antibodies, by using a crude L2 larval as antigen. The seropositive mean prevalence was 69.30%, and mean percentage of optical densities was 61.83%. There were significant differences between the provinces studied; C6rdoba and Sevilla were the provinces with more infested animals and higher seroprevalences. The correlation between seroprevalence and percentage of antibodies by farms was significant. There were only 18 farms free of seropositive animals, and 115 of the total 551 farms had all sampled animals seropositive, an indication of the high importance of this parasitosis in the investigated areas. Altitude, latitude, flock size, and ovine population density were the potential risk factors associated with the detection of O. ovis antibodies. Those animals breeding in regions located at low altitudes (<500 m), meridian latitudes (<39.5 degrees N), and on farms with medium-to-large flock size (>250 sheep) and high ovine population density (>100 sheep per km2) were more likely to be seropositive. These findings confirm that these studied factors should be considered as potential risk factors to the presence of O. ovis in ovines from southwestern Spain.